互聯(lián)功能、高級安全功能和自動駕駛功能，都將改變未來汽車的電子架構，這是因為這些功能采用的控制器之間的通信更加隨機，并不像當今絕大多數(shù)模塊那么固定。正因如此，汽車開放系統(tǒng)架構（AUTOSAR）組織計劃推出一套新的標準，以適應更加多變的通信模式。
新標準名為自適應AUTOSAR平臺(AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform)。該平臺經(jīng)過專門研發(fā)，可以為工程師的架構設計提供更大的靈活性，預計將于2017年完成。自適應AUTOSAR平臺將為復雜性更高的系統(tǒng)提供一個軟件框架，幫助工程師利用以太網(wǎng)絡(Ethernet)增加帶寬。
“通過新的自適應平臺，AUTOSAR旨在為新的應用提供一個最優(yōu)的標準化軟件框架，特別是對于汽車互聯(lián)、高度自動化和自動駕駛領域的應用。”AUTOSAR組織發(fā)言人Stefan Rathgeber表示，“可以通過一些途徑，比如以太網(wǎng)，將經(jīng)典應用和自適應性應用進行無縫銜接。”
未來的汽車架構將更具多樣性，信息娛樂系統(tǒng)和高級駕駛協(xié)助系統(tǒng)(ADAS)等電子架構勢必會對車輛的通信功能提出更高需求，這樣才能保證不同模塊之間的快速交互，從而提供專用模塊無法獨立處理的特性和功能。電子控制和通信系統(tǒng)的快速發(fā)展，提高了汽車行業(yè)對AUTOSAR的接受程度。經(jīng)過升級的新平臺可以擴充現(xiàn)有標準的適用范圍。
新標準或?qū)⒙氏鹊顷慉DAS系統(tǒng)
“自適應AUTOSAR平臺并不是AUTOSAR的替代品，認識到這一點非常重要，”Elektrobit汽車基礎設施軟件系統(tǒng)工程部負責人Alexander Much表示，“目前，汽車的架構幾乎沒什么變化，制動和轉(zhuǎn)向模塊必須向節(jié)點發(fā)送大量消息，這些節(jié)點還必須‘了解’各個單元及其所處位置。”他說，“未來的汽車架構可能更加自由，節(jié)點無需了解正在進行通信的計算機處于什么位置，或是將傳遞什么信息。”
新標準很可能最先應用至高級駕駛輔助系統(tǒng)（ADAS），還能為標準操作系統(tǒng)無縫整合更多的互聯(lián)功能和圖像處理能力，從而協(xié)助信息娛樂系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)。
“短期來看，自適應AUTOSAR平臺將更多集中在高級駕駛員協(xié)助系統(tǒng)方面的需求。”Vector CANtech嵌入式軟件北美產(chǎn)品線總監(jiān)Kurt Krueger表示，“高度自動駕駛系統(tǒng)必須非常可靠，具備故障安全(fail-safe)運行的能力，而實現(xiàn)這一點，必須依靠高性能的微控制器、強大的運算能力，以及高速的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。”
這些系統(tǒng)將為自動駕駛的到來鋪平道路，無人駕駛汽車領域正是新平臺利用自身強項，發(fā)揮最大作用的舞臺。
Rathgeber解釋道，自適應AUTOSAR平臺經(jīng)過專門設計，可以滿足自動駕駛的關鍵需求，支持高速數(shù)據(jù)處理、“服務向”通信功能和“空中”升級等功能。他補充說，AUTOSAR致力于盡量讓更多廠商、供應商和開發(fā)者采用這套統(tǒng)一標準，從而在通往自動駕駛的道路上扮演關鍵使能角色。
AUTOSAR開發(fā)委員會的目標之一是打造一個動態(tài)系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)將內(nèi)含“中間件(middleware)”，且能通過Posix接口和多核微處理器支持復雜操作系統(tǒng)。該平臺主要通過“服務向”通信和IP/以太網(wǎng)實現(xiàn)通信功能，未來可以支持自適應性軟件應用，也可以與非AUTOSAR系統(tǒng)進行交互。
開發(fā)項目正在加碼
目前，大多數(shù)供應商似乎都有興趣快速行動，盡快完成實施新標準。該平臺預計將作為一種道路基礎設施，服務于自動駕駛汽車。
Much表示，“所有廠商都需要朝自動駕駛汽車方向去努力，因此他們急需這套標準。”
新標準的開發(fā)者指出，最早發(fā)行的1.0.0版標準將提供一組滿足最低要求的功能。Rathgeber表示，隨后開發(fā)人員還將根據(jù)市場需求和用戶反饋，在相對較短的發(fā)布周期內(nèi)，不斷為標準增加新的功能。目前，許多公司已經(jīng)開始大力推動相關研發(fā)項目，因此新標準可能很快就能登陸量產(chǎn)車型。
“自適應AUTOSAR平臺的部分功能最早將于2019/2020年出現(xiàn)在公路上。”Krueger表示，“我們認為2022年后，這一標準在生產(chǎn)中的應用將更加普遍。”
作者：Terry Costlow
來源：SAE《汽車工程》雜志
翻譯：SAE 上海辦公室
New AUTOSAR platform offers more freedom for vehicle electrical architectures
Connectivity, advanced safety and autonomy are all altering electronic architectures, since they utilize controllers that communicate with each other more randomly than the fairly set links between current-day modules. That’s prompted the Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR) development partnership to come up with a new standard that adapts to changeable communication patterns.
The AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform, currently set for completion in 2017, is designed to help engineers create more flexible architectures. AUTOSAR Adaptive will provide a software framework for more complex systems and help engineers increase bandwidth by implementing Ethernet.
“With the new Adaptive Platform, AUTOSAR aims to provide an optimal standardized software framework for new applications, especially in the fields of connectivity and highly automated and autonomous driving,” said Stefan Rathgeber, spokesperson for the AUTOSAR development partnership. “Classic and adaptive applications can be seamlessly combined, for example via Ethernet.”
In forthcoming architectures as diverse as infotainment and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), more communication will be necessary so modules can interact quickly to provide features and functions that can’t be handled by dedicated modules alone. The rapid increase in electronic controls and communications has fueled growing acceptance of AUTOSAR. The new upgrade augments existing usage of the standard.
New standard likely to debut in ADAS
“It’s important not to think of AUTOSAR Adaptive as a replacement for AUTOSAR,” said Alexander Much, head of software systems engineering for car infrastructure atElektrobit. “Currently, vehicles have very static vehicle architectures where brake and steering modules send a lot of messages to nodes that 'know' who and where all the units are," he said. "Now, more dynamic things are coming, where nodes don’t need to know where computers they are communicating with are located or when they’re going to transmit.”
The new standard will probably see its first application in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). It can also aid infotainment system development by providing a more seamless integration into a standard operating system with more connectivity and graphics computing power.
“AUTOSAR Adaptive will concentrate a bit more on ADAS needs in the short term,” said Kurt Krueger, North American Product Line Director for Embedded Software atVector CANtech. “Highly automated driving systems must be dependable and have fail-safe operational capabilities. This can only be accomplished with high-performance micro-controllers, computing power, and high data transfer rates.”
These systems are paving the way for autonomous driving. The driverless car is where the new platform’s strengths will ultimately provide the greatest benefits.
Designed to meet key requirements with regard to autonomous driving, the AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform comes with features such as high data processing capacities, service oriented communication and updates over the air, Rathgeber explained. He added that AUTOSAR strives to be a key enabler on the way to the self-driving car by making the new platform accessible to as many manufacturers, suppliers and developers as possible.
Among the development committee’s goals is to create a dynamic system that includes middleware and supports complex operating systems using a Posix interface and multicore microprocessors. Its main communication approach is based on service-oriented communication and IP/Ethernet. The platform will be capable of supporting adaptive software deployment while interacting with non-AUTOSAR systems.
Development programs ramping up
Most suppliers currently seem to be interested in moving fairly quickly to get the standard completed and implemented. It’s expected to become a piece of the in-vehicle infrastructure used on the road to autonomous vehicles.
“All the OEMs need to go on the road with autonomous vehicles, so they need this quickly,” Much said.
The developers of the new standard note that the initial 1.0.0 release will offer a set of minimum required features. Enriched features based on market requirements and user feedback are expected to be added with comparatively short release cycles, Rathgeber said. Many companies are already ramping up their development programs so implementation in production vehicles may begin fairly soon.
“The first parts of AUTOSAR adaptive may appear on highways as early as 2019/2010,” Krueger said. “Vector expects a more general adoption of AUTOSAR adaptive for production by 2022 and later.”
Author: Terry Costlow
Source: SAE Automotive Engineering
自適應AUTOSAR平臺可以讓一系列不同應用編程接口（API）與模塊之間的通信更加簡單隨機。